What is the reservoir of leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis with a broad spectrum of animal hosts. The primary reservoir hosts are wild animals such as rodents, which can shed leptospires throughout their lifetimes. Domestic animals are also an important source of human infections.
What bacteria causes leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
What does conjunctival suffusion look like?
Conjunctival suffusion is characterized by redness of the conjunctiva that resembles conjunctivitis, but it does not involve inflammatory exudates. Swelling of the conjunctiva (chemosis) is seen along the corners of the eye (palpebral fissures).
What is the vector for leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is caused by an infection with the spirochete bacterium Leptospira. It is most often spread through exposure to the urine of infected animals either from direct contact or from contact with soil or water contaminated by the urine.
What is the portal of exit of leptospirosis?
The portal of exit Genitourinary – via sexual transmission. Respiratory – through coughing, sneezing and talking. Skin – via skin lesions.
What is the morphology of Leptospira interrogans?
Morphology of Leptospira Leptospires are corkscrew-shaped bacteria, which differ from other spirochaetes by the presence of end hooks. They belong to the order of Spirochaetales, family Leptospiraceae, genus Leptospira. about 0.1 µm in diameter by 6–20 µm in length [1].
Is conjunctival suffusion painful?
Conjunctival suffusion is characterized by redness of the conjunctiva that resembles conjunctivitis, but it does not involve inflammatory exudates….
| Conjunctival suffusion | |
|---|---|
| Conjunctival suffusion (red conjunctiva) together with jaundice is a specific feature of leptospirosis | |
| Diagnostic method | Weil’s disease, Hantavirus |
What are the routes of transmission in leptospirosis?
Leptospira is transmitted primarily through contact of skin with water, moist soil or vegetation contaminated with the urine of infected animals.
What is the domain of Leptospira interrogans?
Bacteria
L. interrogans cells are gram-negative motile spirochetes, with two periplasmic flagella. The cells are thin, about 0.1 µm, and long, between 6-20 µm, with hooked ends….Morphology.
| Leptospira interrogans | |
|---|---|
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Spirochaetota |
| Class: | Spirochaetia |
| Order: | Leptospirales |
Where is Leptospira interrogans found?
Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans) is a spirochete infection that occurs worldwide except in polar regions. The organism survives best in warm, humid conditions and is most common in the tropics and subtropics, with many wild and domestic animal reservoirs including rats, mice, dogs, pigs, and cattle (Figure 70-1).
What are three leptospirosis symptoms?
In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:
- High fever.
- Headache.
- Chills.
- Muscle aches.
- Vomiting.
- Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
- Red eyes.
- Abdominal pain.
How is leptospirosis diagnosed?
The most common way to diagnose leptospirosis is through serological tests either the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) which detects serovar-specific antibodies, or a solid-phase assay for the detection of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies.
What are the layers of conjunctiva?
The conjunctiva can be divided into three regions: the palpebral or tarsal conjunctiva, the bulbar or ocular conjunctiva, and the conjunctival fornices. The palpebral conjunctiva is further divided into the marginal, tarsal, and orbital regions. The bulbar conjunctiva is divided into scleral and limbal parts.
What is conjunctival suffusion?
Conjunctival suffusion is a helpful diagnostic clue that usually appears two or three days after the onset of fever and involves the bulbar conjunctiva.
What are the clinical findings of conjunctival suffusion in Weil’s disease?
Conjunctival suffusion is a highly specific, but insensitive clinical finding. The white blood cell count may be mildly elevated or normal in early-phase illness. Severe leptospirosis is often recognized by the classic manifestations of Weil’s disease, but severe complications may occur in anicteric disease.
What is conjunctival suffusion in leptospirosis?
Conjunctival suffusion. Conjunctival suffusion is an eye finding occurring early in leptospirosis, which is caused by Leptospira interrogans. Conjunctival suffusion is characterized by redness of the conjunctiva that resembles conjunctivitis, but it does not involve inflammatory exudates.
What causes Conjunctival suffusion in people with a high temperature?
Some degree of conjunctival suffusion is common in people with a high temperature. This is often prominent in measles, rubella, some adenovirus infections and in leptospirosis.