How is ammonium nitrate transported?
Ammonium Nitrate is typically shipped in 26,000 gallon DOT-105 insulated tank cars with safety valves.
What is ammonium nitrate emulsion?
Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion (also called EP or Emulsion Phase) is ammonium nitrate dissolved in water and suspended in oil. It is an oxidising agent used to manufacture a range of bulk blasting agents. The oil surface gives emulsion based products improved water resistance.
How is ammonium nitrate emulsion made?
{internal AEL industry knowledge} 2 Page 3 AEL Mining Services Ammonium nitrate emulsion can also be produced by melting HDAN back to ANsol by adding hot water and then incorporating emulsifier, fuel oil (diesel) and other chemicals into the ANsol and converting it to an emulsion utilising similar emulsification …
How do you prevent ammonium nitrate from exploding?
ammonium nitrate and ensure that the conditions that may lead to an explosion are not present. Actions that may help to prevent explosions include: x Avoid heating ammonium nitrate in a confined space (e.g., processes involving ammonium nitrate should be designed to avoid this possibility).
What happens when ammonium nitrate is mixed with water?
What happens when you mix water and ammonium nitrate? It feels cold when ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water which indicates an endothermic reaction. In an endothermic reaction, the ammonium nitrate dissolves in water, a chemical reaction that absorbs heat rather than releases it.
Why is ANFO used in mining?
ANFO Explosive – A Versatile Solution Ammonium Nitrate is an adaptable oxidizer that works well when explosions are needed during mining or quarrying operations. When combined with fuel oil, it makes an effective explosive that has a wide range of applications.
What is used as emulsifier in emulsion explosion?
Emulsifiers currently used in emulsion explosives include et- hanolamine adducts of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PI- BSA) and SMO (Fig. 1).
What is emulsion explosive made of?
A water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition is described. An emulsion composition is prepared consisting of 1) ammonium nitrate or a mixture of ammonium nitrate and the other inorganic oxidizer salts, 2) water, 3) oils and/or waxes, and 4) a sorbitan fatty acid ester surfactant.
What is emulsion explosive?
The ammonium nitrate water-based emulsion (AWE) explosive was invented in 1961. It consists of microscopic droplets of a liquid oxidizer solution surrounded by a continuous oil phase.
What temperature does ammonium nitrate explode?
Ammonium nitrate would only explode on its own if its temperature was rapidly raised to 400 degrees Fahrenheit. Compared to most combustible materials, ammonium nitrate itself is not exceptionally explosive.
Is ammonium nitrate soluble or insoluble in water?
Ammonium nitrate is commercially available both as a colorless crystalline solid and processed into prills for specific applications. Soluble in water.
Does ammonium nitrate deflagrate or explode?
It degrades in storage with an exothermic reaction, so heat is produced. If the ammonium nitrate ignites, and the hard crust confines it, then the burn wave can transition to a detonation by a process known as deflagration to detonation transition.
Why is ANFO explosive?
ANFO provides excellent heave energy compared with explosives that contain a high emulsion content. ANFO is a dry and free flowing product, allowing delivery by loose pour or pneumatic loading. The low bulk density of ANFO provides excellent charge distribution in the blast hole.
What is the dispersed phase of an emulsion?
Emulsions are considered as a type of liquid–liquid colloid. The phase existing as small droplets is called the dispersed phase and the surrounding liquid is known as the continuous phase.
What is emulsion explosive composition?
What happens when ammonium nitrate gets wet?
If you gently heat ammonium nitrate that has dissolved in water, the solution breaks down to release nitrous oxide, commonly called laughing gas.
What happens when you put ammonium nitrate in water?
Ammonium nitrate consists of ionic bonds packed tightly together. When it comes into contact with water, the polar water molecules interfere with those ions and eventually make them disperse. It takes energy to do this, which is absorbed from the surroundings and makes the solution cold.
Why is ammonium nitrate dissolved in water endothermic?
When ammonium nitrate is dissolved in a beaker containing water, the beaker becomes cold because it is an endothermic reaction that is it absorbs energy from the surroundings in the form of heat. Thus hydrating ammonium nitrate is an endothermic reaction, because of which the beaker becomes cold.
Can ammonium nitrate explode without fuel oil?
Without a detonator, pure ammonium nitrate does not explode, which is why it is considered safe to use as an agricultural fertilizer. However, when mixed with carbons such as fuel oil, it can be used for commercial explosions, for mining and other purposes.
What is dispersed and dispersion medium in emulsion?
Answer: In emulsions,dispersed phase is that liquid which is less in amount and dispersion medium is the one which in large amount. As an example, oil and water can form, first, an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the oil is the dispersed phase, and water is the dispersion medium.
Are ammonium nitrate emulsions classed as explosives?
In Queensland, ammonium nitrate emulsions are declared as an explosive under the Explosives Regulation 2017 and are treated as blasting explosives of Class 5.1. The Explosives Act (Schedule 2) defines an explosive as including:
What are the security requirements for ammonium nitrate emulsions?
in the case of ammonium nitrate emulsions, a lockable tank, quality security locks must be employed; electronic type locks may be acceptable. Unsupervised access— access to SSAN when no other person with authorised access is present or has control over the SSAN.
How is ammonium nitrate transported in Australia?
Due to the size of the market in ammonium nitrate, large quantities are transported both internationally and within Australia. Ships are used for the international transportation of ammonium nitrate and potentially for movements between the east and west coasts of Australia.
Is ammonium nitrate considered an explosive in Queensland?
In Queensland, ammonium nitrate emulsions are declared as an explosive under the Explosives Regulation 2017 and are treated as blasting explosives of Class 5.1. The Explosives Act (Schedule 2) defines an explosive as including: a substance or thing declared under a regulation to be an explosive.